Espresso

The harmony of 'Espresso' is defined by a 4-bar loop that utilizes a diatonic stepwise ascent (I-ii-iii-IV). By consistently using 7th chords (Major 7ths and Minor 7ths), the song achieves a sophisticated 'nu-disco' or 'sophisti-pop' texture. Distinctively, the progression completely avoids the dominant (V) chord, which prevents a strong traditional resolution and instead creates a 'circular' or 'infinite' feel. This lack of functional tension-and-release allows the listener to focus on the rhythmic 'pocket' and the catchy melodic phrasing, which are hallmarks of the disco and boogie genres.

The song was written in a small town in France during a creative session in early 2024. Carpenter described the process as being fueled by the environment and a desire to create something upbeat and confident. The lyrics were crafted by Carpenter alongside Amy Allen, Julian Bunetta, and Steph Jones.

Espresso is a breakout hit that blends vintage disco-funk grooves with witty, confident lyricism. Released ahead of her 2024 Coachella performance, it became a global summer sensation, marking a stylistic pivot toward polished, retro-inspired dance-pop.